Plagiarism and how to avoid being accused
A recent GDC FTP case involving five Scottish dentists has highlighted an issue regarding audits and SAEs
Dental Protection has occasionally come across a request for advice from a member regarding whether or not an article or other piece of written work can be used as part of a post-graduate thesis or dissertation. Recent activity in Scotland suggests that it is vitally important to understand what constitutes plagiarism and what steps are taken by universities and other organisations to detect it.
A recent General Dental Council (GDC) fitness to practise case saw five dentists found to be dishonest, and they were subsequently suspended from the dental register for varying periods of time after sharing their own or copying another individual’s Significant Event Analysis Reports (SEAs). We also know of other dentists who are receiving letters from their health board asking questions about their audit reports and SEAs which they submitted a number of years ago.
It is essential to make sure that all work submitted whatever capacity, is your own and properly referenced
There is no doubt that plagiarism is considered to be a dishonest conduct.
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is defined by the Online Oxford Dictionaries as “the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own”. It is considered a very serious matter and further research reveals that “to plagiarise” means:
- to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another)
as one’s own - to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
- to commit literary theft
- to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source
In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else’s work and lying about it afterward.
The University of Glasgow states: “The incorporation of material without formal and proper acknowledgement (even with no deliberate attempt to cheat) can constitute plagiarism. Work may be considered to be plagiarised if it consists of: a direct quotation; a close paraphrase; an unacknowledged summary of a source; direct copying
or transcription.”
In academia, universities use anti-plagiarism software to check the students’ coursework to determine if the coursework truly belongs to them. Academics regard plagiarism as dishonest and fraudulent and it can result in the ending of someone’s career. Although plagiarism is a clear danger to anyone’s reputation and regarded as dishonest, some Scottish dentists are failing to understand the seriousness of the issue – NHS Education for Scotland (NES) makes thorough checks on works submitted to fulfil the QI requirements of the Terms of Service for dentists working in the NHS. The same anti-plagiarism software that has been used by universities for some years has recently been used by NES to check the validity of QI project reports and SEAs being submitted via the portal.
Students and teachers
The most common form of plagiarism is using another’s words or work without appropriate referencing. However, what readers might not be aware of is that in the case of co-authored work, if one of the authors has plagiarised any of the chapters or sections, both authors of the document will be considered to have acted dishonestly and could be accused of plagiarism.
For academic staff trying to prevent plagiarism, there are a variety of resources now available online to check the content of submitted work, which means that the chances of being discovered, if tempted, are high.
Students are not exempt from a GDC Fitness to Practise hearing. In October 2016, the GDC produced two new guidance documents on this topic – one for student dental professionals, which applies to all student dental care professionals and not just to dental students. The other guidance document produced is aimed at all providers delivering training programmes which lead to registration with the GDC. This latter guidance provides help for academic institutions in running fitness to practise hearings against students, the most serious sanction following such a hearing being expulsion from the course, depending on the severity of the offence. Plagiarism is included in the list of issues which could indicate that a student’s fitness to practise may be impaired and may be considered as a threshold matter for implementation of an institution’s fitness to practise procedures.
Academic staff
For academic staff tempted to take short cuts, the message is: please don’t. While there may be readily available guidance for students on the subject, regulations for academic staff apply on an institution by institution basis. The concept of peer review before submission of papers to journals is intended to highlight and prevent the problem, although this may not necessarily be completely effective.
The risks to academic staff tempted to take shortcuts are loss of professional credibility and indeed loss of employment. Plagiarism is not a crime as we understand that word in common parlance. Instead, it is a civil law matter. However, that does not prevent the General Medical Council (GMC) or General Dental Council (GDC) from bringing charges of plagiarism or dishonesty against a clinician.
Dentists, clinical audit, SAEs and dishonesty
Dentists in Scotland on a health board dental list are required to do at least 15 hours of QI activity during each three-year period. Several Scottish dentists have recently contacted Dental Protection for advice in relation to concerns raised about the sharing of clinical audits and final audit reports with other clinicians. In some cases, the sharing of the audits has resulted in other dentists claiming the audits as their own work. Such a situation can, as explained above, result in allegations of dishonest conduct against all parties.
It is important to understand that any allegation that a dental registrant has acted in a way that would be considered to be misleading or dishonest is taken very seriously by the GDC. The recent case of Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd has changed the legal test for dishonesty that is applicable before the regulators. In this case, the UK Supreme Court confirmed that the previously used two-stage ‘Ghosh’ test is no longer applicable. The Ghosh test had both an objective and a subjective part to the two-stage test, which the courts and regulators used when considering whether conduct was dishonest. The Ivey case arguably makes it easier for dishonesty to be established as “it will no longer be necessary to prove that a professional subjectively understood that he or she was acting dishonestly”.
Regulatory bodies – GMC and GDC
In 2008, a well-known UK psychiatrist admitted inadvertent plagiarism in a hearing before the GMC, resulting in a three-month suspension and his resignation as an NHS consultant. The individual concerned apparently explained at the time that a ‘copy and paste error’ meant that references had not been included in his work. That is how easily plagiarism can happen.
All students and members of the dental team are aware of the GDC’s Standards for the Dental Team. Principal nine sets out the guiding principle that would cover an allegation of plagiarism, particularly the requirement that registrants should “ensure that your conduct, both at work and in your personal life, justifies patients’ trust in you and the public’s trust in the dental profession”.
Summary
Plagiarism poses a great risk to a clinician’s career and professional reputation. It is essential to make sure that all work submitted, whatever the type and in whatever capacity, is your own and properly referenced. Not even one sentence should be copied from another person’s work without the required references. In sharing your work with others, you are taking a risk that some of your exact wording will be used, which also carries the risk of an allegation of dishonest conduct.
About the author
Helen Kaney BDS LLB Dip LP MBA FFGDP (UK) FFFLM
Lead Dento-legal Consultant and Head of Dental Services, Scotland, Dental Protection
Helen spent many years in general dental practice before training as a solicitor and working for law firms that acted for commercial insurers and the UK indemnity organisations, acting for both doctors and dentists in various matters including clinical negligence claims and regulatory matters.
She also worked as a dentolegal adviser for a commercial insurer which provided claims-made insurance for clinicians. Helen has worked for Dental Protection for the last 10 years where she is a Lead Dento-legal Consultant and Head of Dental Services, Scotland.
References
- Oxford Dictionaries, Plagerism Accessed 15 August 2019
- www.plagiarism.org Accessed 15 August 2019
- University of Glasgow, Learning Enhancement & Academic Development Service article Accessed 15 August 2019
- General Dental Council Student professionalism and fitness to practise – what you need to know, October 2016 Accessed 15 August 2019
- General Dental Council Student professionalism and fitness to practise Guidance for training providers, October 2016 Accessed
15 August 2019 - [2017] UKSC 67
- R v Ghosh [1982] QB 1053
- Ivey v Genting Casinos: A new test for ‘dishonesty’ among professionals. www.clydeco.com Accessed 15 August 2019
- Raj Persaud’s wilderness years: ‘I’ve spent a lot of time thinking about what went wrong. www.telegraph.co.uk Accessed 15 August 2019
- Standards for the Dental Team, www.gdc-uk.org, effective from 30 September 2013
- Regard your good name as the richest jewel you can. www.goodreads.com Accessed 15 August 2019.
“Regard your good name as the richest jewel you can possibly be possessed of — for credit is like fire; when once you have kindled it you may easily preserve it, but if you once extinguish it, you will find it an arduous task to rekindle it again. The way to a good reputation is to endeavor to be what you desire to appear.”
Socrates
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